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var_access_benchmark.py
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'Show relative speeds of local, nonlocal, global, and built-in access.' # Please leave this code so that it runs under older versions of # Python 3 (no f-strings). That will allow benchmarking for # cross-version comparisons. To run the benchmark on Python 2, # comment-out the nonlocal reads and writes. from collections import deque, namedtuple trials = [None] * 500 steps_per_trial = 25 class A(object): def m(self): pass class B(object): __slots__ = 'x' def __init__(self, x): self.x = x class C(object): def __init__(self, x): self.x = x def read_local(trials=trials): v_local = 1 for t in trials: v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local; v_local def make_nonlocal_reader(): v_nonlocal = 1 def inner(trials=trials): for t in trials: v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal; v_nonlocal inner.__name__ = 'read_nonlocal' return inner read_nonlocal = make_nonlocal_reader() v_global = 1 def read_global(trials=trials): for t in trials: v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global; v_global def read_builtin(trials=trials): for t in trials: oct; oct; oct; oct; oct oct; oct; oct; oct; oct oct; oct; oct; oct; oct oct; oct; oct; oct; oct oct; oct; oct; oct; oct def read_classvar_from_class(trials=trials, A=A): A.x = 1 for t in trials: A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x; A.x def read_classvar_from_instance(trials=trials, A=A): A.x = 1 a = A() for t in trials: a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x def read_instancevar(trials=trials, a=C(1)): for t in trials: a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x def read_instancevar_slots(trials=trials, a=B(1)): for t in trials: a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x def read_namedtuple(trials=trials, D=namedtuple('D', ['x'])): a = D(1) for t in trials: a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x; a.x def read_boundmethod(trials=trials, a=A()): for t in trials: a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m; a.m def write_local(trials=trials): v_local = 1 for t in trials: v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1 v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1 v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1 v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1 v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1; v_local = 1 def make_nonlocal_writer(): v_nonlocal = 1 def inner(trials=trials): nonlocal v_nonlocal for t in trials: v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1 v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1 v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1 v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1 v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1; v_nonlocal = 1 inner.__name__ = 'write_nonlocal' return inner write_nonlocal = make_nonlocal_writer() def write_global(trials=trials): global v_global for t in trials: v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1 v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1 v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1 v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1 v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1; v_global = 1 def write_classvar(trials=trials, A=A): for t in trials: A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1 A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1 A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1 A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1 A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1; A.x = 1 def write_instancevar(trials=trials, a=C(1)): for t in trials: a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 def write_instancevar_slots(trials=trials, a=B(1)): for t in trials: a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1; a.x = 1 def read_list(trials=trials, a=[1]): for t in trials: a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] def read_deque(trials=trials, a=deque([1])): for t in trials: a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] def read_dict(trials=trials, a={0: 1}): for t in trials: a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0]; a[0] def read_strdict(trials=trials, a={'key': 1}): for t in trials: a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key'] a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key'] a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key'] a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key'] a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key']; a['key'] def list_append_pop(trials=trials, a=[1]): ap, pop = a.append, a.pop for t in trials: ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() def deque_append_pop(trials=trials, a=deque([1])): ap, pop = a.append, a.pop for t in trials: ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop() def deque_append_popleft(trials=trials, a=deque([1])): ap, pop = a.append, a.popleft for t in trials: ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); ap(1); pop(); def write_list(trials=trials, a=[1]): for t in trials: a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 def write_deque(trials=trials, a=deque([1])): for t in trials: a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 def write_dict(trials=trials, a={0: 1}): for t in trials: a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1; a[0]=1 def write_strdict(trials=trials, a={'key': 1}): for t in trials: a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1 a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1 a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1 a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1 a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1; a['key']=1 def loop_overhead(trials=trials): for t in trials: pass if __name__=='__main__': from timeit import Timer for f in [ 'Variable and attribute read access:', read_local, read_nonlocal, read_global, read_builtin, read_classvar_from_class, read_classvar_from_instance, read_instancevar, read_instancevar_slots, read_namedtuple, read_boundmethod, '\nVariable and attribute write access:', write_local, write_nonlocal, write_global, write_classvar, write_instancevar, write_instancevar_slots, '\nData structure read access:', read_list, read_deque, read_dict, read_strdict, '\nData structure write access:', write_list, write_deque, write_dict, write_strdict, '\nStack (or queue) operations:', list_append_pop, deque_append_pop, deque_append_popleft, '\nTiming loop overhead:', loop_overhead]: if isinstance(f, str): print(f) continue timing = min(Timer(f).repeat(7, 1000)) timing *= 1000000 / (len(trials) * steps_per_trial) print('{:6.1f} ns\t{}'.format(timing, f.__name__))